Mississippi is first in the nation when students are compared with students like them.
Raw scores reward states with fewer children in poverty. The Urban Institute's "adjusted" view asks a fairer question: how do a state's fourth graders read compared with children across the country who share their background, meaning the same family income level (free or reduced-price lunch), race or ethnicity, special education status, English learner status, gender and age? On that measure Mississippi, one of the poorest states in the country, outperforms every other state. Louisiana is second and Florida third.